10 Amazing And Little-Known Space Discoveries Of 2019. Brian Molinari. Such artificial limit establishes that outer space begins at about 100 kilometers (62 miles) high. At the same time, many of us were probably taught that the uppermost layer of the atmosphere, the exosphere, extends up to about 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles) away.

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Each year there’s evidence that our technologies are advancing at the speed of light, and we discover tons of new things about outer space, develop new exploratory technologies, and even touch down on new planets—and no matter what we keep learning. 2013 was no exception when it came to discovering previously unknown information about the vast universe that we live in. Here are the top 10 most exciting things that have happened in space technologies, discoveries, and advancements this year: 10. The Chelyabinsk Meteor StrikeTo start off our list with a bang we’ve got the Chelyabinsk Meteor Strike which occurred on February 15th, 2013. Residents of Celyabinsk, Russia were shocked by the asteroid weighing 10-tons that came falling toward them during their morning commutes.

Luckily, the space rock exploded just over 14 miles above the ground instead of touching down and causing a nuclear-type explosion. Still, almost 1,500 people were injured by the explosion, which also damaged thousands of buildings in the area. While NASA is usually on top of spotting rocks hurtling toward Earth, the Chelyabinsk strike was one that got away and slipped under the radar. Lakes Discovered on TitanWhile our own moon is only full of rocks, dust, (cheese?), and little gravity, that’s not necessarily the case for all moons in the solar system—something that we confirmed in 2013 with Saturn’s moon Titan. Scientists say that the moon’s chemistry is similar to a pre-biological frozen Earth. Making the moon even more similar to our own planet, are the great lakes that were discovered in the northern parts of the planet. These lakes are very unlike our own, however, as they are filled with liquid methane and ethane.

Now famous for its lakes, Titan is also known for its 30 year winters and temperatures as low as -289º F. So there’s plenty of time for ice skating!

Gold in SpaceAre you worried about gold deposits getting low on Earth? Well never fret, in 2013 NASA’s Hubble telescope witnessed a large concentration of infrared energy and new atoms—some of which were several of Earth’s moons worth of gold.

This phenomenon had proved a standing theory that when dense neutron stars collide new matter and elements are formed, something that happened more commonly at the beginning of the Universe’s existence. These days it’s an occurrence that happens only about once every 100,000 years in the Milky Way. If only we could figure out how to tap that gold supply the gold business would be set for the rest of our planet’s existence. Chris Hadfield’s space performanceChris Hadfield is the renowned Canadian astronaut living on the International Space Station who has become famous for his about life and science in space.

His best performance to date was the 2013 production of David Bowie’s Space Oddity— singing and dancing aboard the ISS in front of our planet. Hadfield brought his life aboard the International Space Station back down to Earth for us mere humanoids to enjoy, and sang an astronomical tune in the process. Voyager 1 Leaves the Solar SystemFor the last 36 years, Voyager 1 has been fleeing the Earth at about 35,000 miles per hour. After two years it reached Jupiter; after three it began observing Saturn. After twenty-one years, it surpassed the Pioneer 10 spacecraft to become the most distant man-made object (except radio waves).

In 2013, it crossed its most distant milestone yet: it left the solar system completely. While the definition of the “solar system” may vary, the threshold was a key one: the ship crossed the heliopause, which is where the effects of the sun diminish and give way to interstellar space. Interstellar space, it turns out, is full of charged particles that flow within a particular magnetic field–sort of like currents in the ocean. The sun, with its boundless energy, churns up this medium like a boat in the water, and the spaceship finally crossed out of the sun’s wake in 2012.

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However, the boundary is large, turbulent, and not clear-cut, meaning it took scientists (and the spacecraft itself) until this year to confirm exit, but it’s official: Houston, we’ve left the solar system. Hexagon Hurricane around Saturn’s North PoleSaturn has a hurricane on its North Pole, the eye of which is roughly 1,200 miles across–or farther than the distance from New York to Chicago. The Saturnine Santa is safe then, but he’s asking for trouble by trying to leave! The storm appears to have been raging for decades at the very least (Voyager 1 discovered the turbulent clouds on its way by, decades ago) and perhaps far longer. The winds are over 300 miles per hour, and actually over twice the speed necessary to be a Category V on Earth. But that’s not the craziest part: as seen in the picture above, the clouds form a massive hexagon around the North Pole. Not a circle, as hurricanes on Earth are, but a true and persistent hexagon.

This baffling pattern was confirmed by the spacecraft Cassini with a recent video. Since the South Pole does not have a hexagon, it might be related to the hurricane–in any case, the Saturnine Santa has a strange but unique home! Planet PipsqueakThe newly discovered planet Kepler-37B is, despite it’s name, a pretty adorable little guy! With a diameter of 2,400 mile, it’s smaller than any planet in our solar system and just a bit larger than our moon–meaning that if we ever go, we’ll be able to jump higher, run faster, and hit a golf ball farther than any indigenous 37B-ers. This sneaky little orbiter was almost impossible to find: scientists discover new exo-planets when a planet passes in front of its star and dims the starlight. Due to its tiny stature, 37B almost passed without being noticed–but not quite, as scientists caught the sneak-thief red-handed this year. This year for Earth, that is: on 37B, a year lasts just 11 Earth days due to its close orbit, and the fiery temperatures reach unbearable levels, leaving behind no air.

Possibly Planet Pipsqueak is not the most adorable after all. MAVEN heads to MarsIn November of 2013 NASA launched MAVEN—a satellite designed to orbit the red planet—away from Earth, scheduled to arrive at the end of 2014. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission (MAVEN) launched from Cape Canaveral and is the first satellite mission that is aimed at understanding Mars’ atmospheric composition. One of the main focuses of this mission is to study the changes that occurred in Mars’ atmosphere that contributed to the planet’s water disappearing. The mission has been in the works since 2006 when it was first proposed and accepted by NASA from the University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Almost Absolute ZeroBrrrr it was cold last night!

I had to get bundled up, but the temperature got down to 2 degrees fahrenheit above zero. It was a bit colder in the Boomerang Nebula: the cloud of gas, remnants of a dead star about 5,000 light years from Earth, is a chilly 2 degrees above absolute zero or -460 degrees Fahrenheit. Scientists discovered this using the ALMA telescope in Chile.

Located in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on earth, the telescope discovered that the nebula is in fact spherical, but a large band of dusts absorbs most of the light. And, apparently, most of the heat, as parts of the nebula are moving the mercury only up to -457.7 degrees Fahrenheit, just a tick above the temperature at which entropy reaches its minimum: absolute zero. Most of interstellar space is a relatively balmy -455 degrees Fahrenheit, but hey: when the atoms in your body are no longer moving, you’ll be thankful for the extra 2 degrees. A Gajillion New EarthsPerhaps the most momentous finding of the year 2013 was also one of the most momentous findings ever: after this year, it’s almost impossible to think that we are alone in the universe.

No, we weren’t visited by aliens, but we might as well have been; instead we discovered there are about 20 billion earth-style exoplanets. In the Milky Way. Which is one of perhaps 500 billion galaxies in the universe. All told, this makes for 10 sextillion planets, which is. This calculation took some figuring: after surveying a tiny fraction of the galaxy, scientists have found 3,538 candidates. Extrapolating from there by calculating the share that likely have a friendly orbit, and the fact that they only examined 150,000 of the 300 billions stars, scientists reached the figure of 20 billion for the Milky Way. Given that it only took a couple billion years for Earth to go from zero to dinosaurs (and then no time to get to us, and more importantly, to ), there are absolutely other sentient beings in the universe.

Which is a pretty amazing discovery. Why is FinancesOnline free?FinancesOnline is available for free for all business professionals interested in an efficient way to find top-notch SaaS solutions. We are able to keep our service free of charge thanks to cooperation with some of the vendors, who are willing to pay us for traffic and sales opportunities provided by our website. Please note, that FinancesOnline lists all vendors, we’re not limited only to the ones that pay us, and all software providers have an to get featured in our rankings and comparisons, win awards, gather user reviews, all in our effort to give you reliable advice that will enable you to make well-informed purchase decisions.

While we are about to start a new year, 2018 has been a great year for science, especially for astronomy and engineering. Experts and scientists have made many space discoveries and advances, some of which have attracted worldwide attention.However, many other discoveries have gone largely unnoticed by the public, although they are no less spectacular. From cryovolcanoes to extragalactic planets, we will see some of the best celestial findings and inventions that this year has left us.10 The Largest Star Map Ever Made. Photo credit:In April 2018, the European Space Agency (ESA) publicly released the largest sky ever created to date.

The map is a three-dimensional reconstruction of the sky seen from Earth, thanks to data obtained by the Gaia spacecraft.This space probe was launched in 2013 by the same agency and is located 1.6 million kilometers (1 million mi) away from. With two telescopes and a one-billion-pixel camera, Gaia’s mission is to photograph the entire sky every two months.With the information obtained, ESA’s star map contains the brightness and position of 1.7 billion stars. This makes the map 700 million times larger than its preliminary version in 2016.

At the same time, it stores data about the color and movement of 1.3 billion stars. As if that were not enough, the image shows the location of half a million other galaxies as well as 14,000 asteroids in our solar system.This map, which will remain under construction for the next few years, is a gold mine for astronomers around the world.

With such a detailed model, scientists will be able to better understand the formation and structure of our galaxy as well as find evidence of new exoplanets.9 Water Ice Found On The Moon. Photo credit:For a long time, there has been evidence pointing to the existence of ice on the, but the proof has never been conclusive. There were signs of ice at the lunar south pole, for example, but these observations could be explained with phenomena other than the presence of water.That changed on August 20 when first confirmed the existence of water ice on both poles of the Moon. The definitive evidence was obtained through observations made by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), an instrument aboard an Indian spacecraft. These observations showed significant amounts of ice deposited at the bottom of several craters at the south pole. Meanwhile, the ice is more dispersed in thinner layers at the north pole.Although the Moon’s surface reaches 100 degrees Celsius (212 °F), making the presence of liquid water impossible, the temperature in the polar craters drops to -157 degrees Celsius (-251 °F).

This allows the water there to remain frozen for long periods.This great discovery may encourage attempts to return to the Moon. Several uses for lunar water have already been planned. In some cases, it could be filtered and used for astronauts’ consumption. It could also be split into hydrogen and oxygen to provide air to humans there or for use as rocket fuel. This last option would allow the Moon to be used as a refueling stop for spaceflights to more distant places. Photo credit:With the help of rockets, space stations, and, humans have made great advances that have improved the lives of many people.

But when these inventions stop working, their parts just keep floating in space as useless waste. We call this “space junk,” and there is a lot of it. Since there are millions of pieces of space debris around the Earth and a collision with these would be catastrophic, space exploration is becoming more difficult.For that reason, scientists have struggled to find a way to eliminate space junk. This year, it seems they have found it.

Researchers at the University of Surrey in sent a satellite called RemoveDEBRIS into space.This satellite has the mission to test four built-in technologies to try to deorbit space debris: a net, a smaller satellite, a harpoon, and a dragsail. In September, the first experiment involving the net was conducted, and the results were successful.First, the satellite launched a piece of metal—to imitate real space junk—whose speed was around 27,359 kilometers per hour (17,000 mph). Moments later, RemoveDEBRIS also fired the net in the trajectory of the object. The cobweb-like net quickly opened and engulfed the debris without difficulty.Scientists hope that both the net and the debris will burn in the atmosphere in a couple of months.

Although the novel experiment shows how promising this technology is in removing space debris, one concern is the potentially higher cost of having to clean up larger space junk. 7 Dozens Of Cryovolcanoes On Ceres. Photo credit:are not limited to being hot.

We are used to seeing big mountains on Earth spitting fire and molten rock, but volcanoes on other worlds may throw exactly the opposite: ice. This type of volcano, appropriately called a cryovolcano, releases a frozen mineral substance called cryolava.We have already shown you that has cryovolcanoes on its surface. Titan, Saturn’s moon, also has this type of volcano. But it was not until recently that we learned about the abundance of these formations in the solar system.In 2015, the space probe Dawn began to orbit the dwarf planet Ceres in the asteroid belt while taking numerous photos of its surface.

Thanks to this, scientists confirmed the discovery of a cryovolcano on the surface of Ceres in 2016. This was incredible because it was believed that the planet was geologically dead.But that was just the beginning. In September 2018, a team of researchers published a report stating that Ceres has around 22 cryovolcanoes on its surface. Most of these volcanoes are currently inactive, although they are estimated to be less than a billion years old.While the composition of the cryolava in Ceres remains uncertain, the cryovolcanoes in other planets expel liquid nitrogen, dust, and methane. September’s finding is extremely important because it proves that Ceres is still geologically active.How these cryovolcanoes work exactly is a question that remains to be solved.

While volcanoes on Earth act by the internal heat of the planet, Ceres does not have such energy to power its cryovolcanoes. Photo credit:is 200 times stronger than steel. Meanwhile, a substance called carbyne is twice as strong as graphene and is considered the most resistant material on Earth.

But what is the strongest material in the universe?Well, in July 2018, scientists investigated such material inside a peculiar celestial body and carbyne pales in comparison to its hardness. At least for now, its name is “nuclear pasta.”Nuclear pasta is the substance that makes up the core of a neutron star. When a star explodes in a supernova and becomes a neutron star, its core collapses inward and stores the mass of several suns in a few kilometers in diameter.

The superdense material that forms such a core takes several shapes according to its location.Through computer simulations, scientists from several US institutions tested the strength of nuclear pasta. As the material was pushed to the limit, it was concluded that this nuclear pasta is up to 10 billion times stronger than steel. Without any other element capable of demonstrating similar properties, nuclear pasta is now the strongest material in the universe.These results have created more questions than answers for scientists—from the necessary means to observe such material to the way in which nuclear pasta generates.5 Origin Of Super-Neutrinos Discovered. Photo credit:Neutrinos are formed in almost the entire universe through nuclear fusion processes. Due to their negligible mass and neutral charge, neutrinos can traverse almost anything without being affected at all. In fact, it is estimated that trillions of neutrinos go through a person’s body every second. Until some time ago, scientists knew that neutrinos can come from places like the Sun, supernovae, or our own atmosphere.However, in September 2017, astronomers at an observatory called IceCube detected a high-energy neutrino that collided with the ice.

It was clear that this particle did not come from known places because it was estimated that this type of neutrino was millions of times more energetic than a normal neutrino. And if we just talked about how common the normal neutrinos are, only 10 of these new “super-neutrinos” are detected every year.Astronomers asked to point numerous telescopes around the world to a specific portion of the sky from where they believed the super-neutrino had come. Two NASA telescopes observed that there was a blazar—a type of galaxy with a huge black hole in the center—emitting large doses of energy.In a report issued in July 2018, the researchers who made the discovery confirmed that the source of the neutrino was the blazar galaxy located four billion light-years away from Earth. This finding not only establishes the first known source of such particles but also helps scientists better understand cosmic rays, which are created along with neutrinos. Photo credit:With the companies and Blue Origin as its main competitors, Virgin Galactic was founded with the mission of making outer space accessible to tourists.

However, since its creation in 2004, the private company has had many problems to overcome to reach space.It has been about 10 years since the firm promised tourist space flights. There have been numerous delays and a fatal in 2014. But after all, it seems that the time has come for Virgin Galactic to finally achieve its goals.On December 13, 2018, Virgin Galactic completed the first spaceflight of its history using its VSS Unity spaceplane. This was also the first manned spaceflight launched from American soil since the last flight of NASA’s space shuttle in 2011.The spaceplane—an aircraft capable of going to space, returning to Earth, and landing like an airplane—was carried by another aircraft called WhiteKnightTwo to a height of 13 kilometers (8 mi).

From there, the VSS Unity separated, ignited its engines, and flew to a height of 82.7 kilometers (51.4 mi) at a speed of Mach 2.9.At that point, the spacecraft exceeded the 80-kilometer (50 mi) limit that NASA considers to be the beginning of outer space. For this reason, Mark Stucky and Frederick Sturckow, the pilots of the VSS Unity, will receive their private astronaut wings next year.However, others argue that the aircraft did not reach space by not exceeding the Karman Line at 100 kilometers (62 mi) high, which was internationally established as the edge of space. Either way, this achievement gives Virgin Galactic the confidence it needs to continue with the tests before its first commercial flights.

3 The First Planets Found In Another Galaxy. Photo credit:To date, we have found almost 4,000 planets outside our solar system. Even so, all these have been located within the confines of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Early in 2018, astronomers at the University of Oklahoma detected for the first time in history a group of exoplanets in a galaxy far, far away.To achieve this finding, scientists used a method that involves a physical phenomenon called “gravitational microlensing.” It happens that celestial bodies of large mass like and galaxies have the capacity to bend light around them.In this case, a galaxy located 3.8 billion light-years away from Earth magnified the light of four distant quasars located directly behind the structure. Thus, the “background light” of the quasars allowed astronomers to observe dark objects such as planets inside that galaxy.The researchers were able to detect around 2,000 planets, ranging from the mass of the Moon to that of Jupiter.

Until that moment, there was no real evidence of exoplanets outside our galaxy.Researcher Eduardo Guerras said that not even the best telescope we could imagine would be able to directly see such planets. That is why the “microlensing technique” is an invaluable resource for many astronomers around the world. 2 The Creation Of The Coldest Object In Space. Photo credit:The states of matter that people know well are solid, and gas. Some others may know the fourth state, which is plasma. But there is a fifth state in which matter can be found, and it is known as Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).BEC occurs when atoms are cooled to extremely low temperatures which cause them to stop moving and begin to group together as if they were a single “super atom.” This exotic state was first theoretically formulated in the early 20th century, but it was not until 1995 that scientists could artificially recreate it in a laboratory.Due to the peculiar physical characteristics of Bose-Einstein condensate, scientists can use it to study quantum effects on a large scale. However, on Earth, the BEC must be suspended with lasers or magnets.

Otherwise, the atoms disperse and change state.But that is no longer a problem. In July 2018, scientists on the (ISS) cooled rubidium atoms until they reached the BEC state. As gravity is negligible at that height in space, it is easier to manipulate such matter up there, even for a longer time.To perform the experiment, NASA sent a machine called Cold Atom Lab to the ISS. This device, which is the size of a small refrigerator, can contain the Bose-Einstein condensate inside it as well as be controlled directly from Earth. It is interesting to note that this exotic matter has also become the coldest object in outer space, although not the coldest in the universe.

1 A Lake Of Water On Mars. Photo credit:For decades, scientists have debated about the possibility of large reservoirs of water existing somewhere on. Due to the extreme conditions of the Red Planet, the scientific community is focusing on searching for underground water deposits because they could be the only places capable of sustaining life on that planet.With hostile temperatures of -62 degrees Celsius (-80 °F) on the surface of Mars, astronomers have been able to notice only some flows of super-salty water in a liquid state. Meanwhile, the rest of the water seemed to be frozen in layers of ice as in the polar ice caps.To the surprise of many, scientists from the European Space Agency (ESA) detected for the first time a large body of liquid water beneath the Martian surface in July 2018. Using a instrument from the Mars Express orbiter probe, the team found strong evidence of a water lake 20 kilometers (12.4 mi) long near the south pole.

This lake is buried under 1.5 kilometers (0.9 mi) of ice and would be at least 1 meter (3 ft) deep.It is still unknown why water is liquid in that reservoir, where temperatures could be as low as -68 degrees Celsius (-90 °F). But it could be a combination of the enormous pressure at that depth, underground air pockets that retain the planet’s internal heat, and large amounts of dissolved salt in the water. In any case, this finding increases the hope of scientists being able to find life on Mars.Brian is an economy student, passionate about graphic design, and an avid enthusiast of the art of writing.